The Newtonian formula for the acceleration due to gravity (by which we will mean the instantaneous acceleration measured for an object dropped by someone who is at rest at that location) fails very badly near black holes. It predicts a finite acceleration at the horizon, when in fact it must be infinite, since the only velocity an object can have at the horizon according to local observers is exactly c, and no observer can hover in place at or below the horizon, no matter how powerful their rockets.
This is a popular idea, based largely on how if you calculate the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole with the mass of the observable universe, it is close to the radius of the observable universe. But the conclusion that the universe is literally a black hole is easily seen to be incorrect, since the universe's has the wrong spacetime metric (the uniform and expanding FLRW metric, as opposed to a black hole's Schwarzschild metric.) Basically, the universe is not a black hole because the matter and energy are distributed uniformly on large scales, whereas a black hole requires it to be concentrated somewhere.
Yes, sorry that was a bit small. r[sub]s[/sub] is the Schwarzschild or event horizon radius, equal to 2GM/c[sup]2[/sup]. The other r by itself is the radius of the observer who is at rest (which can only be possible outside the horizon). I'll make it more readable:
Exactly. If this distance you want to calculate it at is on the event horizon, then no math is required. The answer is infinite, and no object can remain in place there.
Mmm, that's not right. For 1.5 trillion solar masses and exactly on the horizon, Newton predicts 10.17m/s[sup]2[/sup] or about 1.03g, while in reality and according to general relativity, it is infinite. Maybe you're not plugging in exactly the right distance for the horizon radius, since 10.6759g is what GR predicts at about 10.0092 horizon radii.
gBH(r;M) = (G*M*mSol)/r^2*1/(sqrt(1-(G*M*mSol/(c^2*r))))
gBH(3.08567802e16*0.14360755;1.5e12) = 14.34163019
gBH(r;M) = (G*M*mSol)/r^2*1/(sqrt(1-(2*G*M*mSol/(c^2*r))))
G = 6.67408*10**(-11)
c = 299792458
MSol = 1.9891*10**30
pc = 3.086*10**16
M = 1.5*10**(12)*MSol
rs = 2*G*M/c**2
r = 0.49*pc
g_Newt = G*M/r**2
g_GR = G*M/r**2/np.sqrt(1-rs/r)
print(' ')
print('For a 1.5e12 solar mass =', MSol, 'kg black hole,')
print('horizon radius = ', rs, 'm =', rs/pc, 'pc')
print(' ')
print('At r =', r, 'meters =', r/pc, 'pc =', r/rs, 'horizon radii,')
print('the locally measured gravitational acceleration is:')
print('(Newtonian calculation) ', g_Newt, 'm/s^2 = ', g_Newt/9.81, 'g')
print('(General relativistic) ', g_GR, 'm/s^2 = ', g_GR/9.81, 'g')
print(' ')
g_Dole = (G*M)/r**2*1/(np.sqrt(1-(2*G*M/(c**2*r))))
print('Jacks calculation:', g_Dole, 'm/s^2 =', g_Dole/9.81, 'g')
For a 1.5e12 solar mass = 1.9891000000000002e+30 kg black hole,
horizon radius = 4431266548024232.0 m = 0.1435925647447904 pc
At r = 1.51214e+16 meters = 0.49 pc = 3.4124329548043497 horizon radii,
the locally measured gravitational acceleration is:
(Newtonian calculation) 0.8708739121207744 m/s^2 = 0.08877409909488015 g
(General relativistic) 1.03576139161 m/s^2 = 0.105582200979 g
Jacks calculation: 1.03576139161 m/s^2 = 0.105582200979 g
But what about black hole cosmology, which states that the universe isn't a black hole but exists inside a black hole inside a larger universe? Poplawski worked this out mathematically as a way to combine relativity and quantum mechanics and others like Lee Smolin have also put forth this conjecture.The Newtonian formula for the acceleration due to gravity (by which we will mean the instantaneous acceleration measured for an object dropped by someone who is at rest at that location) fails very badly near black holes. It predicts a finite acceleration at the horizon, when in fact it must be infinite, since the only velocity an object can have at the horizon according to local observers is exactly c, and no observer can hover in place at or below the horizon, no matter how powerful their rockets.
The correct formula, which works just as well for small masses as for black holes, is:
where r[sub]s[/sub] is the Schwarzschild radius, 2GM/c[sup]2[/sup]. This formula closely matches the Newtonian formula for weak gravitational fields, like planets and stars, but then diverges dramatically near compact objects like neutron stars and black holes, and is infinite at the event horizon.
That the Newtonian expression for the gravitational acceleration at the horizon is finite and inversely proportional to the mass, while wrong, does at least carry some physical intuition: it is consistent with how the curvature and hence tidal forces at the horizon are weaker for a larger black hole.
This is a popular idea, based largely on how if you calculate the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole with the mass of the observable universe, it is close to the radius of the observable universe. But the conclusion that the universe is literally a black hole is easily seen to be incorrect, since the universe's has the wrong spacetime metric (the uniform and expanding FLRW metric, as opposed to a black hole's Schwarzschild metric.) Basically, the universe is not a black hole because the matter and energy are distributed uniformly on large scales, whereas a black hole requires it to be concentrated somewhere.
And to really kill the idea, it turns out the apparent coincidence of the size of the observable universe and its Schwarzschild radius arises for a simple reason that has nothing to do with black holes. If the universe's expansion rate is constant over time from the Big Bang to present, then the radius of the observable universe will be equal to the Schwarzchild radius of the enclosed mass! I'll show the proof in a moment in the cosmology thread. The expansion history of our universe is not actually constant (it was faster at first, then slowed down, and now is speeding up again), but its present size coincidentally works out to be almost the same as if it had expanded at the present rate since the Big Bang.