Is there a way to adapt to SO2?
Apparently yes, but probably not to a degree that would be useful at these levels for permanent habitation. There was a
study in rats, where one group was exposed to 400ppm and died after 22 hours, while another group exposed to 567ppm for 6 hours per day died after 12 days (72 hours of exposure). For context, 400ppm at Earth pressure is 0.0004, or 4x10-4, atm. So it seems there may be a limited adaptation effect, provided that there is a sufficient recovery period between each exposure. Source and other good info on SO2's effects on animals and humans.
A big problem with SO2 in humans is that at high concentrations, the damage doesn't all go away after the exposure.
A 13-year follow-up study of seven miners who were briefly exposed to SO2 in a mining explosion found that while there was some recovery, "acute inflammatory obstruction caused by exposure to sulfur dioxide left, as sequelae, obstructive impairment of ventilatory function and permanent bronchial hyperreactivity. The clinical picture displayed by these patients was named the "reactive airways dysfunction syndrome" (RADS) in 1985. Four of the patients also showed symptoms of chronic bronchitis."
SO2 is just really nasty stuff. We're sensitive to only 1ppm (10
-6 atm) of it, and anything above 10ppm (10
-5) starts to get really dangerous. It has a cumulative effect with exposure, so that the more you're exposed to it, the more damage it causes.
I guess the best way of dealing with SO2 on these worlds is to imagine using some filtration system or carrying your own air.
One other thing to reiterate from discussion on the old forum is that this is still the early implementation of atmospheric composition in Space Engine, and it will likely be revised. On real exoplanets, it should probably not be so common for SO2 concentrations to be this high, since there are ways for it to be quickly removed from many different kinds of atmospheres.